*Party division totals are based on election day results.
A divided government complicated legislative work during the 112th Congress (2011–2013). Unable to reach deals on a number of issues, the Republican-controlled House and the Democratic Senate passed emergency measures to prevent a government shutdown and avoid defaulting on the country’s debt. After long talks between the Speaker and the President, a “grand bargain” of tax hikes and spending cuts collapsed, leaving a Senate bill to raise the debt ceiling. A House-Senate panel tasked with reducing deficits failed to outline a plan, triggering a series of automatic spending cuts called sequestration.
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To view complete lists of individuals who have served in these leadership and official positions since the 1st Congress, visit the People section
1Reverend Daniel P. Coughlin resigned as Chaplain on May 25, 2011, and was succeeded by Reverend Patrick J. Conroy on May 25, 2011.
2Appointed due to Sullivan’s retirement. See, Congressional Record, 112th Cong., 2nd sess., (February 28, 2012): H974.
